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Practitioner insights on AI governance, operational compliance, and responsible AI.

Not evidence on its own — Horizon, and the receipt a stranger can check
Bob Rapp · Oct 2026 · 3 min read

Not evidence on its own — Horizon, and the receipt a stranger can check

For twenty-five years the UK Post Office prosecuted more than 700 subpostmasters on the say-so of its Horizon accounting system. Not AI — included for the lesson. The gate is that a system's output accusing a person is independently verifiable, and is not legal evidence by itself. Level 400, the audit gate.

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The premise — Robodebt and the gate before the first notice
Bob Rapp · Oct 2026 · 3 min read

The premise — Robodebt and the gate before the first notice

Australia's automated debt scheme averaged annual income into fortnights, fabricated debts for anyone with irregular earnings, and reversed the burden of proof onto about 440,000 people. The gate is not on the notice. It is on the arithmetic, before a single notice goes out. Level 400.

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Seconds each — the hold that Cigna's PXDX never had
Bob Rapp · Oct 2026 · 3 min read

Seconds each — the hold that Cigna's PXDX never had

ProPublica reported that Cigna's PXDX process let medical directors deny large batches of claims in seconds each, often without opening the patient's file. The gate is a human who actually reviews before a denial — and the arithmetic of what "actually" means when the batch is a thousand deep. Level 300.

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Forty-five minutes at Knight Capital — the deploy is the decision
Bob Rapp · Sep 2026 · 2 min read

Forty-five minutes at Knight Capital — the deploy is the decision

In 2012 a faulty deploy sent $7 billion of unintended orders in 45 minutes and cost Knight Capital $440 million and the firm. No LLM anywhere. The gate it needed is the one your agent needs today: the deploy is a consequential action, and it gets a rule, a kill switch and a rehearsed way back.

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